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Anime is a diverse art form with distinctive production methods and techniques that have been adapted over time in response to emergent technologies. The production of anime differs from Disney animation by focusing less on the animation of movement and more on the realism of settings as well as the use of camera effects, including panning, zooming and angle shots. No single art style exists and character proportions and features can be quite varied, including characteristically
Email
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This article is about the communications medium. For the former manufacturing conglomerate, see Email Limited.
The at sign, a part of every SMTP email address[1]
Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-mail since c. 1993,[2] is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.
Historically, the term electronic mail was used generically for any electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to describe fax document transmission.[3][4] As a result, it is difficult to find the first citation for the use of the term with the more specific meaning it has today.
An Internet email message[NB 1] consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp.
Originally a text-only (ASCII) communications medium, Internet email was extended to carry, e.g. text in other character sets, multi-media content attachments, a process standardized in RFC 2045 through 2049. Collectively, these RFCs have come to be called Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME). Subsequent RFC's have proposed standards for internationalized email addresses using UTF-8.
Electronic mail predates the inception of the Internet and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it,[5] but the history of modern, global Internet email services reaches back to the early ARPANET. Standards for encoding email messages were proposed as early as 1973 (RFC 561). Conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services. An email sent in the early 1970s looks quite similar to a basic text message sent on the Internet today.
Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), but is now carried by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), first published as Internet standard 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a message envelope separate from the message (header and body) itself.
Contents
1 Spelling
2 Origin
2.1 Host-based mail systems
2.2 LAN email systems
2.3 Email networks
2.4 Attempts at interoperability
2.5 From SNDMSG to MSG
2.6 Rise of ARPANET mail
3 Operation overview
4 Message format
4.1 Message header
4.1.1 Header fields
4.2 Message body
4.2.1 Content encoding
4.2.2 Plain text and HTML
5 Servers and client applications
5.1 Filename extensions
5.2 URI scheme mailto
6 Types
6.1 Web-based email (webmail)
6.2 POP3 email services
6.3 IMAP email servers
6.4 MAPI email servers
7 Use
7.1 Flaming
7.2 Email bankruptcy
7.3 In business
7.3.1 Pros
7.3.2 Cons
7.3.3 Research on email marketing
8 Problems
8.1 Speed of correspondence
8.2 Attachment size limitation
8.3 Information overload
8.4 Spamming and computer viruses
8.5 Email spoofing
8.6 Email bombing
8.7 Privacy concerns
8.8 Tracking of sent mail
9 U.S. government
10 See also
10.1 Email terminologies
10.2 Email social issues
10.3 Clients and servers
10.4 Mailing list
10.5 History
10.6 Protocols
11 Notes
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Spelling
Electronic mail has several English spelling options that occasionally prove cause for vehement disagreement.[6][7]
e-mail is the most common form in print, and is recommended by some prominent journalistic and technical style guides[citation needed]. According to Corpus of Contemporary American English data, this is the form that appears most frequently in edited, published American English and British English writing.[8]
email is the most common form used online, and is required by IETF Requests for Comment and working groups[9] and increasingly by style guides.[10][11][12] This spelling also appears in most dictionaries.[13][14][15][16][17][18]
mail was the form used in the original RFC. The service is referred to as mail and a single piece of electronic mail is called a message.[19][20][21]
eMail, capitalizing only the letter M, was common among ARPANET users and the early developers of Unix, CMS, AppleLink, eWorld, AOL, GEnie, and Hotmail.[citation needed]
EMail is a traditional form that has been used in RFCs for the "Author's Address",[20][21] and is expressly required "for historical reasons".[22]
E-mail is sometimes used, capitalizing the initial letter E as in similar abbreviations like E-piano, E-guitar, A-bomb, H-bomb, and C-section.[23]
There is also some variety in the plural form of the term. In US English email is used as a mass noun (like the term mail for items sent through the postal system), but in British English it is more commonly used as a count noun with the plural emails.[citation needed]
Origin
The AUTODIN network provided message service between 1,350 terminals, handling 30 million messages per month, with an average message length of approximately 3,000 characters. Autodin was supported by 18 large computerized switches, and was connected to the United States General Services Administration Advanced Record System, which provided similar services to roughly 2,500 terminals.[24]
Host-based mail systems
With the introduction of MIT's Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) in 1961[25] multiple users were able to log into a central system[26] from remote dial-up terminals, and to store and share files on the central disk.[27] Informal methods of using this to pass messages developed and were expanded to create the first system worthy of the name "email":
1965 – MIT's CTSS MAIL.[28]
Other early systems soon had their own email applications:
1962 – 1440/1460 Administrative Terminal System[29]
1968 – ATS/360[30][31]
1972 – Unix mail program[32][33]
1972 – APL Mailbox by Larry Breed[34][35]